Задание 14 из ЕГЭ по английскому языку: задача 61

Esperanto

In some heavily multilingual areas of the world, most people learn a lingua franca - a regional trade language - in addition to their mother tongue. But when someone proposes English or French, say, as a trade language, objections inevitably arise. These languages are notoriously difficult to learn, with strange spellings and numerous grammatical rules and exceptions. But more importantly, they're loaded with historical and cultural baggage. The only hope for a truly universal language would seem to be an artificial one - a language that is designed to be free from cultural biases and easy to learn. This was precisely the goal of Esperanto.
L. L. Zamenhof grew up in the late 1800s in Warsaw, which was a part of Russia at that time. While still in high school he set out to design a universal artificial language that would facilitate communication within his linguistically diverse community. By the time he finished this side project ten years later, Zamenhof was a practicing ophthalmologist. In 1887, Zamenhof published the first guide in Russian to the new language, which he called "Lingvo Internacia", meaning "international language". Zamenhof wrote the textbook under the pseudonym "Esperanto," meaning "a person who is hoping" in Lingvo Internacia. Fans of the language decided that "Esperanto" had a nicer ring to it, and they soon adopted it as the informal name of the language.
Esperanto was designed to be both easy to learn and culturally neutral. According to some sources, an English speaker can learn Esperanto up to five times faster than Spanish. For starters, Esperanto uses strictly phonetic spelling - a given letter always makes exactly the same sound. Second, the structure of Esperanto is very simple, with only sixteen basic grammatical rules that need to be learned - and no exceptions to the rules such as irregular verbs. And third, Esperanto has a very small core vocabulary; new words are constructed by combining words and adding prefixes and suffixes.
The vocabulary of Esperanto will have a familiar ring to anyone who knows a European language, as roots were borrowed from French, German, and Spanish, among other languages. For examples: "bona" means "good"; "porko" means "pig"; "fi lo" means "son"; "hundo" means "dog." One could argue that this selection represents not so much cultural neutrality as Euro-neutrality, but this hasn't prevented Esperanto from becoming popular in China and some other parts of Asia.
For allits merits, Esperanto has not reached the level of acceptance its creator foresaw more than a century ago. There may be as many as two million people who speak Esperanto with at least a moderate level of profi ciency, but probably no more than a few hundred who learned Esperanto at home as their fi rst language and no known speakers over the age of three or so who speak only Esperanto. Ironically, the cultural neutrality that is touted as such a benefi t of the language also serves to limit its growth, because languages tend to spread with the cultures that gave rise to them. Alas, unless or until the number of Esperanto speakers reaches a larger critical mass, it will be of little value as a trade language, and without a clear value, it will be difficult to convince people to learn it.

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At first, the word "Esperanto" was used as the

1. name of the new language.
2. pen-name of the new language designer.
3. title of the book about the new language.
4. name of the place where the new language was designed.